Applications of ground-based multipath reflectometry based on combinations of pseudorange and carrier phase observations of multi-GNSS dual-frequency signals

Measurements from a geodetic global navigation satellite system (GNSS) setup can be deployed to retrieve geophysics parameters, because coherent reflections the surrounding environment enter antenna along with direct signals. Previous GNSS multipath studies of snow depth and sea level were mainly based on signals-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements. In this article, two new methods combinations pseudorange carrier phase observations multi-GNSS dual-frequency signals are proposed, which used as substitutes for SNR method when there no observations. The first is combination pseudorange, geometry-free, avoids any consideration influence ambiguity cycle slip second phase. This, too, not affected by ionospheric delays. To test these methods, parameter retrievals using reflected different surface materials applied. derived series over 256-day period SG27 station showed an optimal RMSE 8 cm respect in situ data both GPS L2 L5 frequency bands. addition, separate 365-day experiment at AT01 station, levels estimated proposed 21 compared tide gauge All results indicate that seen supplements applications ground-based reflectometry.